Entrepreneurship Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurship - Coursework Example In such a way, the following analysis will seek to engage the reader with some of the reasons for why networking is such an integral aspect and should be appreciated to a more definitive level and degree. Firstly, the most obvious reason for why networking is ultimately important has to do with the overall level of connections that an individual can build within the business community. These connections have a clear linkage to the way in which consumers and producers can be linked. One does not need to delve too deeply into existing literature to find the way in which value chain management and the relationship between producers and suppliers must be delineated in order to come to an appreciation for the fact that these connections are an invaluable compote of seeking to further the business profitability and continued survival of a given entrepreneur/business entity. Ultimately, the goal of these connections, brought about might networking, is to create a series of friendships and a t least acquaintance with stakeholders within a variety of different fields. It must not be understood that networking is done solely as a means of benefiting the bottom line. Oftentimes, networking has the tangential benefit of allowing the individual entrepreneur to come to a more full and well nuanced knowledge of existing best practices within a given field. Through such a knowledge of best practices, the entrepreneur can then apply these best practices, changing them as he/she feels fit, to more appropriately embodied the goals and visions of their respective business entity. Within such a way, the entrepreneur becomes less insular and can rely upon the best practices of different individuals in different fields as a means of benefiting their own business. All too often, producers and entrepreneurs are caught in the unenlightened frame of mind that they are in a game against the world. Within such an unenlightened standpoint, the entrepreneur does not wish to accept the best pr actices for business approach that many other individuals that they might network with have utilized to a great level of success. However, a brief and cursory analysis of the existing business environment notices that many of the most successful and multinational firms have sought to engage best practices in other tangentially related businesses as a means of benefiting their own bottom line and approach to the consumer. Moreover, one can see an example of the importance that networking can have with respect to the way in which network theory, a sociological construct, delineates the way in which this can and should occur within the realm of both business and interpersonal interaction. As such, network theory denotes that the greater the level of connections that can be made the greater the empathy and synergy that can be developed within each of these relationships/networks. As such, using the case of a large multinational firm such as Apple, one can readily denote the fact that ne twork theory is definitively in use and applied across the board with regard to the way in which business interactions and needs fulfillment takes place. Finally, seeking to forge these networks can result in lasting friendships and network relationships which encourage business to grow beyond the market constraints. For instance, if a given supplier has formed a

Safelite Glass Performance Pay Essay Example for Free

Safelite Glass Performance Pay Essay Before executives undertake to design a performance pay plan (PPP), they should carefully think about the objectives that they want employees to pursue. In Safelite case, they want to increase installers’ productivity, create loyalty among its largely transient workforce and combat the industry’s traditionally high turnover rate. A good PPP should address all those problems. PPP should have a good measurement for the performance to the people who is eligible to the plan. They should also try to eliminate the factors which can affect installers’ productivity but not under installers’ control. Otherwise, piece rate will let installers feel unsecure. A potential problem with Safelite Glass’ proposed PPP is that installers could be misled to pursue installing quantities over qualities. One can imagine that poorly installed glass can, over time, adversely impact Safelite’s reputation as a quality installer. That, in the long run, will hurt the company/shareholders’ best interest. The cost for the measurement should not be too high. If incentive plan do improve productivity, it can be self-funded in that profit gains or cost savings can be used for bonus payouts. Before and after PPP installation, surveys are good approach to find out employee’s satisfaction to the new plan. Base on the survey results, necessary changes will help establish a better PPP to build up loyalty. A good PPP should incentive better workers to stay. Overall: be smart, as you get what you pay for.

A Synopsis Of Tb Health And Social Care Essay

A Synopsis Of Tb Health And Social Care Essay Abstract TB or Tuberculosis being a bacterial disease is highly infectious but it has its cures and measures. The disease is a major point of concern in South Africa, especially in the areas of Western Cape. It is so common among them that one out of ten people develop this disease and if not treated in a timely and effective manner the infected person can affect 20 other people or more in a year. According to the World Health Organizations (WHOs) Global TB Report 2009, South Africa ranks fifth among the 22 high-burden tuberculosis (TB) countries. South Africa had almost 460,000 new TB cases in 2007, with a frequency rate of a projected 948 cases per 100,000 population a major raise from 338 cases per 100,000 population in 1998. (Source, (World Health Organization Statistics, 2009). A Synopsis of TB Tuberculosis being a bacterial disease is caused by micro-organism, a bacilli scientifically, Mycobacterium tuberculosis which enters the body by inhaling through the lungs. From where they can spread to other parts of the body through the blood, lymphatic system via airways or by direct transfer to other body organs. It develops in the body in two stages: Tuberculosis infection in which an individual breathes in the TB bacilli and becomes infected but the infection is contained by the immune system. The other stage is when the infected individual develops the disease himself. Out of those people who do become infected, most will never develop the disease unless their immune system is seriously damaged for instance by stress, HIV, cancer, diabetes or malnutrition. The bacteria remains dormant within the body if the patient is BCG injected. BCG immunization at the time of birth provides up to 80% protection against the progression TB infection to take form of a disease. A basic sign of TB is consistent cough of two weeks, so the earlier the patient goes to the clinic to get a check up, the more curable it is. Other severe signs are bleeding in cough, night sweating, weight-loss and short-breathing. TB in South Africa Africa and southern Africa In their 1997 reports on the tuberculosis epidemic and on anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world, the WHO paints a bleak picture of the global failure of health service providers to deal with the burden of tuberculosis. In the 216 reporting member countries of the WHO, representing a total population of 5,72 billion, there were an estimated 7,4 million new cases of tuberculosis in 1995. This represents a rate of 130 cases among every 100 000 persons. In Africa the case rate is 216 per 100 000. The 11 countries of the Southern Africa subregion contribute approximately 275 000 cases every year to the total case load in Africa. Almost half of these come from South Africa. In an analysis of tuberculosis trends and the impact of HIV infection on the situation in the subregion, it is estimated that by 2001 the smear positive case rate would have increased from 198 per 100 000 population for the region as a whole, to 681 per 100 000 if tuberculosis control efforts are not optimised. To aggravate the situation, 69% of these cases would be directly attributable to HIV infection.1 A serious complication of the tuberculosis problem in Southern Africa has been the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of the organism causing the disease. Patients infected with MDR require prolonged chemotherapy with very expensive medication which will at best cure only half of them. Such treatments cost at least 100 times as much as the cost of curing an ordinary tuberculosis patient infected with drug-sensitive bacteria. Very few countries can afford this additional burden. In order to determine the magnitude of the MDR problem in Southern Africa, and the implication for National Tuberculosis Programmes (NTPs), surveys are being conducted in various countries as part of the activities of the WHO/IUATLD Global Working Group on Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance. So far, information is available for four countries in southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, and Swaziland. Results confirmed that initial resistance to first-line drugs is relatively low in southern Africa compared to some other regions in Africa and Asia where the problem is up to 5 times more common. Resistance rates range between 4% and 12% for isoniazid, and between 4% and 7% for streptomycin. For rifampicin it is 1% and for ethambutol 1%; MDR is fortunately still low at 1%, indicating that resistance strains are not commonly transmitted from person to person. On the other hand, rates for acquired resistance, that is resistance which has arisen in patients previously inadequately treated for tuberculosis, are at least three times higher than in patients not previously exposed to anti-TB medications. The high rates of acquired resistance point to a failure of control programmes to effectively manage case-holding and treatment adherence. TB Treatment The full course treatment time can stretch up to eight months with consistency as a major factor. People who stop treatment develop a multi-drug resistance which makes the disease more complicated. TB can prove fatal if not treated. The treatment is in two phases: The intensive phase consists of taking four different drugs for five days a week, for two to three months. The continuation phase consists of taking two drugs for five days a week for four to five months. Sputum tests are regularly taken every two months for keeping a check on the progress. DOTS The Department of Health in South Africa has implemented the World Health Organizations DOTS (directly observed treatment short course) technique to make sure patients adhere to treatment. DOTS have been implemented in a good number of clinics in the Western Cape. An essential element of the strategy is the support and back-up offered to TB patients for the entire six to eight-month treatment phase, where they are directly observed taking their medication at the clinic. The DOTS strategy is embedded in the following principles. Government Commitment The support of the national and provincial Heads of the Department of Health has significantly helped South Africa to implement the DOTS strategy. This support is essential because DOTS requires significant changes of approach and tends to challenge old practices. Although the strategy offers the least expensive way of tackling TB, often it requires substantial redirection of funds and this cannot happen without the political commitment and support of key decision makers. Directly Observed Treatment Short-course as a global initiative, is a breakthrough that is increasingly providing solutions to the control of the TB epidemic in South Africa. However, it is a new strategy and as such may seem at first complicated and confusing. This merely shows the need to effectively and adequately reorientate our resources and train health staff and treatment supporters to this strategy. This means that each one of us from all sectors has a major role to play. TB is everywhere and as such effective TB control should be practised everywhere. Good TB control is part of good district development. 2.2 Identifying Infectious Patients TB is a bacterial disease and bacterial tools should be used to manage it. The TB Control programme is moving away from chest x-rays as a primary method of diagnosis. A crucial element of DOTS is to use microscopes to ensure that infectious TB is reliably and cost -effectively diagnosed. The first priority and the key issue in the new programme is to cure infectious patients at the very first attempt to slow down the epidemic. The over use of x -rays is discouraged as the primary means to confirm the diagnosis of TB because it does not tell whether a patient is infectious, and it is difficult to distinguish between active TB and other lung diseases or scarring. This leads to over diagnosis so that health workers could be treating many patients that do not have active TB and are not sick with TB. More importantly, the TB epidemic in South Africa is approaching uncontrollable levels and energies should be concentrated on curing infectious TB patients to stop the spread of this disease. Only bacteriology identifies infectious patients. 2.3 Direct Observation of Treatment The implementation of DOTS ensures that every TB patient should have the support of another person to ensure that they swallow their medication daily. The treatment supporter does not have to be a professional health worker, but can be any responsible member of the community. Employers, colleagues and community members can act as treatment supporters. Using family members is often problematic but has been successful in exceptional cases. This person should know the signs and symptoms of TB, side effects of TB drugs and the importance of taking TB medication regularly for the patient. They should also motivate and empower patients and their families and provide them with a better understanding of TB and the importance of cure. Treatment supporters are best recruited as part of a community based system which is reviewed annually and its results documented. Treatment supporters should work closely with local health authorities. Because of the length of time, the patient has to take treatment, completing TB treatment is a special challenge and requires an unyielding sense of commitment. This may be easy to sustain while the patient feels sick. However, after a few weeks of taking treatment, patients often feel better and see no reason for continuing their treatment. It is thus essential for health workers or treatment supporters to be supportive and use the initial period to bond with the patient. This will enable them to build a strong relationship in which the patient believes and trusts advice given by the treatment supporter. 2.4 Standardized Drug Combinations A daily dose of a powerful combination of medications is administered to TB patients for five days a week. Combination tablets simplify treatment and ensure that drugs are not given separately and therefore decrease the risk of drug resistance. 2.5 Reliable Reporting System A reliable recording and reporting system is necessary in order to monitor progress. Sputum results should also be recorded to document smear conversion. This gives an accurate measurement of performance and one can identify areas which need support. The First Step to Filling the Country with DOTS: Setting up Demonstration and Training Districts (DTDs) in 1997 was one of the first crucial steps in the implementation of the DOTS strategy. In South Africa at least one Demonstration and Training area was identified in each province where all the elements of DOTS would be adopted in the management of TB services. Initially these areas would receive the necessary resources and support to ensure that they function well. When these districts demonstrate success in implementing DOTS they can be used as examples and training points to expand DOTS provincially and country-wide. Major Barriers Everyday TB kills nearly 5000 people, which is one person every 20 seconds. (WHO, Global TB Report, 2009). There is a presence of numerous barriers while accessing TB care especially in the poor communities: Economic Barriers Delay in seeking health care occurs due to lack of money for transport plus the time lost working. Socio-cultural Barriers Lack of awareness and stigma about TB. Geographical Barriers Long distances from health care facilities and TB diagnosis and treatment centers. Health System Barriers Delays in diagnosis as a result of knowledge lapse among health care workers. The ever existing barriers to the success of the targets involve overlooking of TB control by government, lack of monetary and human resources to provide regulation and quality control, weak and stigma health systems, poorly managed TB control health centers, poverty in majority of communities, population escalation and a significant boost in drug-resistant TB (particularly MDR-TB) and the recent, extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). Lack of new diagnostic tools has impeded progress in TB control programs. Perhaps the greatest challenge to achieving the TB targets, however, has been the ever-growing HIV outbreak and the resultant increase in HIV-associated TB. A regional emergency was once declared in the large parts of this region due to unrestrained epidemic of HIV-associated TB.  The start of such an epidemic as the TB/HIV one has seriously compromised even historically firm national TB programs working globally. TB programs are weighed down by this increasing volume of HIV-associated TB cases and by the necessity to manage cases and ensure treatment completion. in addition, TB is the leading source of death among HIV-infected persons, and HIV is the strongest forecast of progression from dormant TB infection to active disease. Thus, TB programs that were almost up to the mark by WHA-set global TB targets have seen their treatment and completion rates plummet. The TB/HIV combination has also had a remarkable impact on human resources.  In a labor force that has remained the same or shrinked, the increased overall number of TB patients has damaged TB programs infrastructure and amplified poor TB results such as treatment default, death and the emergence of XDR-TB. The HIV-associated TB epidemic has led to an escalating rate of smear-negative and extra pulmonary TB;  these forms of TB do not add to the case-detection targets and are more difficult to identify. Moreover, smear-negative TB has a worse prediction than smear-positive TB amongst those who are also HIV-infected. TB and HIV The HIV outbreak has led to a massive increase in the number of fatal TB cases. TB is not accountable for a third of all deaths in HIV infected people. People with HIV are far more vulnerable to TB infection, and are not as much able to fight it off. Recent studies by Wood, (2007) in a region with an approximate HIV prevalence of about 20% in Cape Town, calculated that the pulmonary TB-warning rate among HIV-infected persons in that area amounted to 5,140 cases per 100,000; and that the rate amongst HIV-uninfected individuals in the same area was 953 cases per 100,000. Using these statistics, the determinable fraction for TB among HIV-infected individuals in that area aggregated to 82 percent. Conclusion Recommendations The overall purpose of the project is to identify risk factors and make appropriate recommendations based both on the available evidence and the studies that stem from this project. As such, recommendations are structured in terms of the conceptual framework of this document. Nevertheless, the existing evidence from current data and literature reviews allows us to pinpoint areas where interventions are clearly required. On these grounds, we can make certain recommendations. Introduce epidemiologically-led behavioural interventions Reference has been made to the heterogeneity in HIV prevalence in the province (Shaikh et al, 2006). This unevenness is also apparent in the provincial TB profile. It is therefore important to identify the geographical focal points for interventions according to this disease distribution that has been identified by routine surveillance. Populations at high risk for infection may be identified according to geographical area, as well as according to other demographic factors such as age, sex and socio-economic status. By raising awareness in populations at high risk and targeting specific high risk behaviors, interventions will be more effective in lowering the incidence of new infections. Target hotspots first Once populations at risk have been identified, geographically discrete regions should be selected for resource allocation and focused interventions. An implementation of interventions based on the known and expected burden of disease will prioritise the roll out of a prevention strategy. Prevention efforts that address HIV infection should identify areas and populations where there are certain risk factors and areas of high HIV prevalence must apply concentrated intervention of TB programmes. Identify and manage at-risk groups earlier Behavioural and communication strategies for highest risk groups must be pro-active in their efforts, and target the false sense of security that exists regarding the risk of HIV infection. At-risk populations should include vulnerable groups such as women, and also specific groups such as prisoners, commercial sex workers, mobile persons and labour migrants. Awareness of the risk of TB among HIV infected people must be raised both in communities and within the health service. Integrate prevention and treatment While evaluating the effectiveness of prevention programmes within an epidemiological context, the potential future impact of treatment of both HIV/AIDS and TB needs to be examined. Adapt relevant public services Goal-directed partnerships between social-cluster group departments should be actively pursued. Resource allocation must be rationalised within a broader spectrum than only the health services. The high burden of TB must be taken into account in this process, and be assigned equal importance as the efforts against the spread of HIV. In addition to intersectoral collaboration towards intervention for both these infectious diseases, more effort must be made to integrate the management of HIV/AIDS with TB. .

Womens Studies: Woman of the Year Refia Ari -a pioneer of Special Need

Women's Studies: REFIA ARI - Woman of the Year Pioneer of Special Needs Education for disabled children in KKTC Cyprus Refia Ari received the Woman of the Year award in 2003 of the Women's Studies & Education Centre, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), KKTC/TRNC-Cyprus. She enabled special needs education for disabled children, children's disability support for their parents and disabilities careres. "Mrs. Refia (Ari) has created for .. children a world that becomes more beautiful every day" (Sà ¼leyman Ergà ¼Ãƒ §là ¼, News Director, Bayrak Radio-Television -rtd ~YaÅŸamÄ ±n Ä °Ãƒ §inden BRTK, Cyprus-KKTC) This woman's nation also has its share of disabled children. But Cyprus-KKTC had no facilities for children with disabilities. Neither for their care, nor for their well being and education. Nor for the welfare and educational support needs of their parents. Special needs education did not exist for children with disabilities. Parents of disabled children had no education on how to cope. Children with mental or physical handicaps simply existed and suffered. Refia Ari changed that for the disabled of Cyprus-KKTC. Her Successful Woman of the Year Award by the Eastern Mediterranean University's Women's Studies and Education Centre was for her pioneering works which made that change possible. Especially for children with disabilities and the parents of handicapped children. While Cyprus is in, both, the British Commonwealth and the European Union, and, indeed, also in the European Convention on Human Rights, concerns were, as of the United Nations, mostly with its inter-communal conflict, and neither local nor foreign aid existed for the disabled men and women and children of Cyprus-KKTC -not even an official disability re... ...ial education provisions catering also for the special needs of disabled children up the age of 18, and she was included in its committee for the re-organisation of the educational system which should also ease the integration into society of disabled children by their education in ordinary schools. Refia Ari, with her exceptional leadership qualities and extraordinary organising skills having worked wonders for the handicapped children of Cyprus-KKTC, is reported in the media to be pursuing her vision to get official help, support and education extended also to disabled adults. Her voluntary works with various disability organisations and vision for the disabled, as she stated to the BRTK, is based on Refia Ari's philosophy that -translated "We have advantages in life and disadvantages, some of us can't run -but if one's hand is held one can at least walk."

Automatic Room Light Controller with Didirectional Visitor Counter

CHAPTER :- 1 Project Overview 1. Introduction Of Project 1. 1 Project Definition: Project title is â€Å"AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER â€Å". The objective of this project is to make a controller based model to count number of persons visiting particular room and accordingly light up the room. Here we can use sensor and can know present number of persons. In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automatic appliances with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life.Also if at all one wants to know the number of people present in room so as not to have congestion. This circuit proves to be helpful. 1. 2 Project Overview This Project â€Å"Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room v ery accurately. When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one.The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays. The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller AT89S52 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller CHAPTER :- 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION 2. 1Basic Block DiagramEnter Exit Relay Driver A T 8 9 S 5 2 Signal Conditioning Exit Sensor Enter Sensor Light Signal Conditioning Power Supply Fig. 2. 1 Basic Block Diagram 2. 2 Blo ck Diagram Description The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor counter with automatic light controller is shown in the above figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the following essential blocks. 1. Power Supply 2. Entry and Exit sensor circuit 3. AT 89S52 micro-controller 4. Relay driver circuit 1. Power Supply:- Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function of this block is to provide the required amount of voltage to essential circuits. 12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc regulated power supply. 2. Enter and Exit Circuits:- This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of this block is to sense the person. For sensing the person and light we are using the light dependent register (LDR). By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram we can count the persons. 3. 89S52 Microcontroller:- It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8KB of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM).The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51TM instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic hip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution so many embedded control applications. 4. Relay Driver Circuit:- This block has the potential to drive the various controlled devices.In this block mainly we are using the transistor and the relays. One relay driver circuit we are using to control the light. Output signal from AT89S52 is given to the base of the transistor, which we are further energizing the particular relay. Because of this appropriate device is selected and it do its allott ed function. CHAPTER :- 3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Transmission Circuit:- Fig. 3. 1 Transmitter circuit Receiver Circuit:- Fig. 3. 2 Receiver circuit * CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: There are two main parts of the circuits. 1. Transmission Circuits (Infrared LEDs) 2. Receiver Circuit (Sensors) . Transmission Circuit: Fig. 3. 3 Transmitter circuit This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function as a basic monostable multivibrator. A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes state once triggered, but returns to its original state after a certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only one of its output states is stable. It is also known as a ‘one-shot'. In this circuit, a negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7's discharge transistor, allowing C1 to charge up through R1.At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output (pin 3) level to ‘high'. When capacitor C1 as charged up to about 2/3 Vcc, t he flip-flop is triggered once again, this time making the pin 3 output ‘low' and turning on pin 7's discharge transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in effect, produces a pulse at pin 3 whose width t is just the product of R1 and C1, i. e. , t=R1C1. IR Transmission circuit is used to generate the modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter side is to generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. round 1. 4K we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and its o/p will go low when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz. 2. Receiver Circuit: Fig. 3. 4 Receiver circuit The IR transmitter will emit modulated 38 kHz IR signal and at the receiver we use TSOP1738 (Infrared Sensor). The output goes high when the there is an interruption and it return back to low after the time period determined by the capacitor and resistor in the circuit. I. e. around 1 second. CL100 is to trigger the IC555 which is configured as monostable multivibrator. Input is given to the Port 1 of the microcontroller.Port 0 is used for the 7-Segment display purpose. Port 2 is used for the Relay Turn On and Turn off Purpose. LTS 542 (Common Anode) is used for 7-Segment display. And that time Relay will get Voltage and triggered so light will get voltage and it will turn on. And when counter will be 00 that time Relay will be turned off. Reset button will reset the microcontroller. CHAPTER :- 4 HARDWARE DESIGN ; DESCRIPTIONS Hardware Design:- Infrared Sensor TSOP1738 Microcontroller AT89S52 Relay 7-Segment Display Timer IC 555 Fig. 4. 1 Snap of the entire circuit 4. 1 Procedure Followed While Designing:In the beginning I designed the circuit in DIPTRACE software. Dip trace is a circuit designing software. After completion of the designing circuit I prepared the layout. Then I programmed the microcontroller using KEIL software using hex file. Then soldering process was done. After completion of the soldering process I tested the circuit. Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting was done. In the process of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly soldered and connected and hence came to conclusion that there was error in programming section which was later rectified and the desired results were obtained. . 2 List of Components: Following is the list of components that are necessary to build the assembly of the Digital Speedometer Cum Odometer: * Microcontroller – AT89S52 * IC – 7805 * Sensor – TSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor) * Transformer – 12-0-12, 500 mA * Preset – 4. 7K * Disc capacitor – 104,33pF * Reset button switch * Rectifier diode – IN4148 * Transistor – BC 547, CL 100 * 7-Segment Display 4. 3 Description of Components 4. 3. 1 Microcontroller AT89S52: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.The device is manu factured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.The Power-down mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. FEATURES:- * 8 KB Reprogrammable flash. * 32 Programmable I/O lines. * 16 bit Timer/Counter—3. * 8 Interrupt sources. * Power range: 4V – 5. 5V * Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles * Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz * Three level program memory lock * Power off flag * Full duplex UART serial channel * Low power idle and power down modes * Interrupt recovery from power down modes * 256 KB internal RAM * Dual data pointer 4. 3. 2TSOP1738 (INFRARED SENSOR)Fig. 4. 2 Infrared Sensor Description: The TSOP17.. – Series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decode d by a microprocessor. TSOP17.. is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting all major transmission codes. Features: * Photo detector and preamplifier in one package * Internal filter for PCM frequency * Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance * TTL and CMOS compatibility * Output active low Low power consumption * High immunity against ambient light * Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps) * Suitable burst length . 10 cycles/burst Block Diagram: Fig. 4. 3 Block Diagram of TSOP 1738 Application Circuit: Fig. 4. 4 Application circuit 4. 3. 3 555 ( TIMER IC): Fig. 4. 5 Timer IC(555) Description: The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor.For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits. Features: * Direct replacement for SE555/NE555 * Timing from microseconds through hours * Operates in both astable and monostable modes * Adjustable duty cycle * Output can source or sink 200 mA * Output and supply TTL compatible * Temperature stability better than 0. 05% per  °C * Normally on and normally off output * Available in 8-pin MSOP package Applications: * Precision timing * Pulse generation * Sequential timing * Time delay generation * Pulse width modulation * Pulse position modulation * Linear ramp generator 5. 3. 4 LTS 542 (7-Segment Display) Description: The LTS 542 is a 0. 52 inch digit height single digit seven-segment display. This device utilizes Hi-eff. Red LED chips, which are made from GaAsP on GaP substrate, and has a red face and red segment. Fi g. 4. 6 7 Segment Features: * Common Anode * 0. 52 Inch Digit Height * Continuous Uniform Segments Low power Requirement * Excellent Characters Appearance * High Brightness ; High Contrast * Wide Viewing Angle 5. 3. 5 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator) Fig. 4. 7 Voltage Regulator Description: The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. Features: * Output Current up to 1A * Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V * Thermal Overload Protection * Short Circuit Protection * Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection 5. 3. 6 RELAY CIRCUIT: Fig. 4. 8 Relay A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected to port RB1 of the microcontroller through a driver transistor. The relay requires 12 volts at a current of around 100ma, which cannot provide by the microcontroller.So the driver transistor is added. The relay is used to operate the external solenoid forming part of a locking device or for operating any other electrical devices. Normally the relay remains off. As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes high, the relay operates. When the relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is the standard diode on a mechanical relay to prevent back EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay releases. LED L2 indicates relay on. CHAPTER :- 5 SOFTWARE DESIGN FLOW CHART: Start Infrared Signal Transmission Interrupted from Sensor1 Interrupted from Sensor 2 Turn On Relay Counter Incremented Counter DecrementedCounter set to 0 Relay Turn Off Turn On Light Turn Off Light F ig. 4. 7 Flow Chart * If the sensor 1 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 2. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will increment the count and switch on the relay, if it is first time interrupted. * If the sensor 2 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 1. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will decrement the count. * When the last person leaves the room then counter goes to 0 and that time the relay will turn off. And light will be turn off. CHAPTER :- 6 TESTING AND RESULTSTesting And Results We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when we turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which we faced, like component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise a We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when I turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which are I faced, like component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also, then refer the data books and other materials related to its.I had issues with better or correct result, which I desired. And also the software problem. I also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware. We had issues with better or correct result, which we desired. And also the software problem. We also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware. We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over first trouble. After getting 9V from the transformer it was not converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V.As the solder was shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the IC7805. also the circuit part around the IC7805 were completely damaged.. with the help of the solder we made the necessary paths. CHAPTER :- 7 FUTURE E XPANSION FUTURE EXPANSION * By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various applications Such as fans, tube lights, etc. * By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of opening and closing the door. CHAPTER :- 8 APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES ; DISADVANTAGES APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES ; DISADVANTAGES Application * For counting purposes * For automatic room light control * Advantages * Low cost * Easy to use * Implement in single door * Disadvantages * It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence it cannot be used when two person cross simultaneously. CHAPTER :- 8 BIBILOGRAPHY Bibliography * Reference Books * Programming in ANSI C: E BALAGURUSAMY * The 8051microcontroller and embedded systems: MUHAMMAD ALI MAZIDI JANICE GILLISPIE MAZIDI * The 8051 microcontroller: KENNETH J. AYALA * Website * www. datasheets4u. com * www. 8051. com

TLE cooking session

Follow the instructions of the teacher. 2. Stay with your group and avoid going to the other groups. 3. Assign each task to every member. 4. Prepare the materials and ingredients needed. 5. Wash your hands before cooking. 6. Wear apron and for the girls, they should tie their hair. 7. Handle the sharp materials with care to avoid accidents. 8. Clean your place after cooking. 9. use the materials according to Its functions. 10. Turn off faucets and stoves when not used.TOCINO Ingredients: 3 lbs boneless pork shoulder rost cup lemon-lime soda (sprite or 7 up) 1/3 cup of soy sauce 2 cups brown sugar 1 h cups pineapple juice h ketchup 1 tablespoon garlic, minced 2 tablespoons of salt 1 teaspoon of black pepper Procedures: 1 . Cut h Inch slices of pork shoulder and place In a one gallon zip-lock plastic bag. 2. In a separate bowl, mix the rest of the ingredients and then add to the meat. Seal the bag, while trying to remove excess air. Let the pork cure Inside the refrigerator for 4-5 day s, turning the bag over every day. . After curing, you can either cook the meat or portion them off Into smaller bags and freeze. 4. To cook the Toclno, add a little water, marinade and a few slices of meat to a skillet. Over medium heat, let the liquid boll off and then fry the meat for a couple of minutes to carmellze It. Make sure not to burn the meat. PICKLED VEGGIES WITH CHILLIES white radish 3 carrots 3 chillies 2 cups vinegar sugar 1. 1 lbs salt 1 OF2 1 . Slice the carrots and radish vertically. (finger size) 2. Slice the chillies diagonally. 3.Put all the vegetable in a container. 4. Add some salt and leave it for 5 minutes. 5. Squeeze the vegetables to release its mixtures. 6. Rinse it with water. 7. Put sugar and boil it. 8. Cool it off for 5 minutes. MANGO JAM Mango ascorbic acid water 1. Prepare the materials and the ingredients. 2. Slice the Mango. 3. Mix the Mango, sugar, and water. 4. After mixing, boil it and add 2 tablespoons of ascorbic acid. 5. Mix it until it bec omes sticky and golden brown. 6. After 20-15 minutes, get it and it is ready to serve.